![]() Yet through the early stages of composition, the parallel between his own work and Homer’s was only broadly drawn. ![]() ![]() ‘Ulysses’, his work’s title from the outset, is the Latin form of ‘Odysseus’ and from the first mentions of his work in letters to friends, Joyce referred to his episodes by appellations drawn from Homer. According to Michael Groden, it was at this late stage of his work that Joyce ‘added many new Homeric and other correspondences to the earlier episodes, and he “recast,” “amplified,” or “retouched” them to resemble the later ones more closely’.įrom his earliest conception of the novel he was to write, Joyce had intended for Ulysses to parallel Homer’s Odyssey. In this last surge of creative activity, Joyce focused especially on elaborating a series of correspondences throughout the episodes of his novel. Across multiple galley and then page proofs, his novel grew by a third, solely through the augmentations which he scrawled upon the proof sheets. While he composed these episodes, Joyce began simultaneously to revise the proofs which he was receiving from Darantière. ‘Ithaca’ – described by Joyce as a ‘mathematical catechism’ – took another month, and was completed 29 October. ‘Penelope’, the eighteenth and final episode – which comprises Molly Bloom’s famous soliloquy – was completed first, on 24 September. Yet it was not until the summer of 1921 that Joyce began receiving the proofs of these early episodes – having augmented the typescripts which he had previously provided for the serialisation of his novel in The Little Review, then sent these off to Maurice Darantière, his printer based in Dijon.Īt this point Joyce was still in the process of writing his novel’s final two episodes, ‘Ithaca’ and ‘Penelope’. By the spring of 1915, he was already onto the third episode, which would become ‘Proteus’. James Joyce had begun writing his novel in late 1914. When Ulysses was published on 2 February, 1922, it was the culmination of a flurry of activity extending back to the previous summer.
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